The different types of events and literature references
updated: 21.08.2026: Added Anemic Events (Mark Richards)
Anemic events
- An anemic event is an event whose payload doesn’t contain enough information for its consumers to actually process it. An event is anemic whenever — regardless of how big or small its payload is — it leaves its consumers without enough context to act on it. Lesson 199 – Event Driven Architecture: Anemic Events
CRUD events
- Don’t use an event broker merely to distribute CRUD/database state changes, as these couple consumers to the producer’s internal data model; instead, use meaningful business events that represent things the business actually cares about.. Event Driven Architecture and Coupling: You’re Not as Decoupled as You Think
Data event
- Data events describe the state of an entity at a specific moment in time. They may be produced at a certain rate or if the state changes. Every data event at least contains the whole state of the entity but may also include the old state to allow consumers to detect changes. Data events do not contain the reason for the change. OTTO Consumer API Event Guidelines
Delta event
- Delta events contain just the properties that changed, so just enough detail, nothing more. The Event-Carried State Transfer pattern (by Oskar uit de Bos 2021)
- ECST messages that include only the updated fields… Learning Domain-Driven Design. Aligning Software Architecture and Business Strategy (by Vlad Khononov 2021) p317
- As indicated by Figure 8.5, cumbersome state modification determination is not the case when using PATCH. With a partial update, it is straightforward to determine what the fine-grained event-based outcome is for the use case, because it is clear exactly what changed. Strategic Monoliths and Microservices by Vernon, Jaskula 2022 (by Vernon, Jaskula 2022) p194
- Events can either contain absolute new values that form full reports or, as delta reports, communicate the changes since the previous event (identified by a “Correlation Identifier” [Hohpe 2003] or indirectly by timestamp and entity identifier. Patterns for API Design: Simplifying Integration with Loosely Coupled Message Exchanges (by Zimmermann and others 2022) p219
Discrete event
- Think of discrete events as significant (important) facts that have happened, and you have downstream consumers that want to act on this information. Understanding stream and discrete events (by David Boyne 2024)
Domain event
- A Domain Event is a representation of something that has occurred in the domain that is of interest to the business. It captures a significant change in the state of the system and communicates this change to other parts of the system or external systems that need to react to it. Domain events are usually immutable, and they describe a past event rather than a future action. SAP’s Curated Resources for Domian Driven Design (by SAP 2025)
- The term domain event describes an occurrence of something that happened in the business domain. The concept originates in Domain-Driven Design (DDD). The event’s name usually already carries a lot of semantic meaning and is used within the domain language to describe the domain’s processes. OTTO Consumer API Event Guidelines
- As a default practice, consider every domain event “private”, only meant for internal consumption. Only through deliberate exposure consumers get access to the events, similar to how APIs are used instead of direct database access. The different types of events in event-driven systems Frank de Jonge 2022
- The terminology that is used for the aggregate’s name, its data members, its actions, and its domain events all should be formulated in the bounded context’s ubiquitous language. Learning Domain-Driven Design. Aligning Software Architecture and Business Strategy (by Vlad Khononov 2021) p134
- Asynchronous translation can be used to intercept the domain events and convert them into a published language, thus providing better encapsulation of the bounded context’s implementation details. Learning Domain-Driven Design. Aligning Software Architecture and Business Strategy (by Vlad Khononov 2021) p194
- Finally, sparingly use domain events for communication with external bounded contexts. Consider designing a set of dedicated public domain events. Learning Domain-Driven Design. Aligning Software Architecture and Business Strategy (by Vlad Khononov 2021) p325
- A domain event is something that happened in the domain that is relevant to other microservices within the same bounded context. The Event-Carried State Transfer pattern (by Oskar uit de Bos 2021)
- A Domain Event that is published outside your Bounded Context should be defined in your Published Language. LinkedIn post (by Vaughn Vernon 2023)
- I extremely dislike the split of “domain” and “integration” events.The split is highly misleading. All of them should be domain events and represent business facts. I prefer to split them into internal and external (or, as Nick Tune 🇺🇦, into private and public). LinkedIn post (by Oskar Dudycz 2023)
- Examples of things that happen that might not be suitable to model as Domain Events:
- Something technical (a ButtonClicked, ExceptionThrown etc) happened that we want to record or handle, but it is not described in the ubiquitous language of our domain.
- Something that happened outside of our bounded context. This could a Domain Event in another system or a different bounded context. What are Domain Events? Mattias Holmqvist 2020
Entity Event and (Un)Keyed Events
- An entity is a unique thing and is keyed on the unique ID of that thing. The entity event describes the properties and state of an entity — most commonly an object in the business context — at a given point in time.. Building Event-Driven Microservices (by Adam Bellemare 2020) slide51
- Unkeyed events are used to describe an event as a singular statement of fact. An example could be an event indicating that a customer interacted with a product, such as a user opening a book entity on a digital book platform..
- Keyed events contain a key but does not represent an entity. Keyed events are usually used for partitioning the stream of events to guarantee data locality within a single partition of an event stream.
Event-carried state transfer
- If autonomy is your driving requirement -> consider enrichment. DDD re-distilled (by Yoan Thirion 2020) slide51
- De naam Event-carried State Transfer (EST ?) is gekozen om een beetje te contrasteren met REST. De vier gezichten van EDA (by Koen Vanderkimpen 2022)
- Whether ECST messages include complete snapshots or only the updated fields, a stream of such events allows consumers to hold a local cache of the entities’ states and work with it. Learning Domain-Driven Design. Aligning Software Architecture and Business Strategy (by Vlad Khononov 2021) p316
- ECST as business process change state. Shifting Gears: From Events to Event-Driven • Ryan Cormack • GOTO 2024 12:06
Event notification
- The notification event is small and concise as it only contains a reference to the state that was changed. The event notification pattern (by Oskar uit de Bos 2021)
- Belangrijk in dit patroon, is dat de Events verder geen toestand bevatten. Als de ontvangers van het event dus willen weten wát er precies is veranderd aan de klantenfiche, of wát er besteld werd in het order, dan zullen ze toch actief initiatief moeten nemen om aan deze informatie te geraken. De vier gezichten van EDA (by Koen Vanderkimpen 2022)
- The event notification should not be verbose: the goal is to notify the interested parties about the event, but the notification shouldn’t carry all the information needed for the subscribers to react to the event. Learning Domain-Driven Design. Aligning Software Architecture and Business Strategy (by Vlad Khononov 2021) p313
Mutation event
Passive-Agressive Events
- Events that should be commands like ‘ DishwasherFinished’. Oskar Dudycz – Event-driven Modelling Anti-Patterns – EventCentric 2025
Pivotal event
- Pivotal events indicate major changes in the domain and often form the boundary between one phase of the system and another. Pivotal events will typically separate (a bounded context in DDD terms). Pivotal events are identified with vertical blue painters tape (crossing all the swimlanes). Event-Driven Solutions in Hybrid Cloud (by Jerome Boyer 2024)
Summary event
- We should provide the Summary Event that will provide the complete information needed for other modules. If they also need information about other steps of the process, we can have more than one summary event. Internal and external events, or how to design event-driven API (by Oscar Dudycz 2023)
- Instead of emitting a stream of Domain Events, emit a single Summary. Patterns for Decoupling in Distributed Systems: Summary Event (by Mathias Verraes 2019)
Tombstone event
- Kafka even has a convention to signify deletions: a message with a key but a null payload, also known as a tombstone. This indicates that the record should be deleted. Due to compaction, all non-tombstone messages will eventually disappear, leaving nothing but the deletion record (and that can be auto-compacted as well). Design patterns for asynchronous API communication (by Daniel Orner 2022)
Miscellaneous:
When is an event NOT an event?
- So, when is an event not an event? Ben Morris – Agile enterprise architecture 2020
Data streams vs Event streams
- Wanneer gegevens over gebeurtenissen geen metadata bevatten spreken we over data en data streams (bijv. bij sensoren die alleen een pakket ruwe data leveren). Als er wel contextgegevens aanwezig spreken we over events en event streams (bijv. bij gebeurtenisgegevens die op basis van metakenmerken moeten worden geïnterpreteerd om verwerkt te kunnen worden). Project Notificaties Architectuur p57
Event notification vs Event-carried state transfer
- Notification events: less risk of data being out of sync versus Event-carried state transfer: higher risk of data being out of sync. EVENT TYPES by David Boyne